How Does Textual Cues Relevant - 1631 Words

How do textual cues relating to narrative space function to enable the reader to build a cognitive map of the storyworld in For Anna, by Libby Gleeson? Unlike with visual media, such as film, the physical details of a narrative aren’t immediately apparent in the printed text. The reader must build a mental picture of where objects are, in relation to each other, in order to visualize the action and discern meaning from the many interactions depicted. It has been found that â€Å"†¦ readers engage in cognitive mapping through textual (or spoken) cues and from these construct a mental model of the world, within which everything else can be located, contextualized, and inferentially understood.† (Hayles and Montfort 2012, 453). This mental picture,†¦show more content†¦Martin stared at it while his mother got out of the car and went to get the milk and bread. Get out now. Dial her number. Listen while it rings. Hear her voice. Say †¦ A young girl, towel and boogie board over her shoulder wet hair trailing, came out of the shop and pushed open the door of the phone booth. Martin fell back against the sticky vinyl of the car seat and closed his eyes.† This beginning consists of elements of exposition and initiation, letting the reader begin to build up a map of a shop with a phone booth outside, and a girl with a boogie board, towel and wet hair, along with the focalizing character, introduced by name (Martin), suffering in the hot car. The reader can begin building a scenario involving a beachside setting. The initial tension is established here, too, with Martin involved in internal conflict involving an absent â€Å"her.† By dropping the reader into the middle of the action – the beach journey has already started, and Martin is dealing with some pre-existing issue with a girl – the narrative has hastened the introduction function, as the reader is already interacting with the narrator. When Martin sees his chance to resolve his dilemma disappear before his eyes as the girl with the boogie board beats him to the phone booth, the reader is engaged

International Relations Is A State Centric Discipline Essay

International Relations is a state centric discipline that contends with global concerns and foreign affairs amongst the states within the international arena. As the 21st century progressed rapidly, the relationship among states has changed considerably whereby small states in all continents have become a focal point in the international system. Since the days of the Cold War the impact between the small states and the great powers have been a precarious one whereby the great powers kept majority of the small states in the shadows; until now where they have begun to evolve and build their influence in the global world. The voice of the small states became onerous to achieve when the intergovernmental agreements and the economic paradigms were customarily based on the interest of authoritative states. Today, several of the small state actors in the global arena are considered to the most outstanding players in the world; nation states like Slovenia, Catalonia, Luxembourg and Bahrain. The fundamental dynamics of the development of small states in the international system is as a consequence of democracy growth provoked by the introduction of technological advancement due to globalization, communications, infrastructure and trade along with the social transformations shaped by enterprise operations globally. It is an expectation that small states can play a pivotal role in the expansion of a new era through which the international system is revolutionizing to the assistance ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Structural Realism and Non-State Actors1137 Words   |  5 Pages9/11 has weakened the state-centric framework of the international system and challenged the structural realist’s conception of power. As one of the major theories, one would assume that the premises of structural realism would be more applicable in the 21st century. 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Critical Criminology Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 CRIME THEORY: CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY There could be different reasons of increasing crimes. One of the obvious reasons is poverty and social injustice. Most of the people engaged in crime either don’t have proper source of income or they are socially discriminated. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Criminology or any similar topic only for you Order Now So the main reason of crime is poverty and social injustice. Most of the places with high poverty and social injustice have high crime rate (Jerry, 1995). The most important policy implications that would be most successful in reducing crime and/or rehabilitating convicted offenders in long term are critical criminology theories. In critical criminology crimes are defined in terms of domination. That is if some class or group is dominant than they can make social concept lawful and unlawful. Lower class, single parent women, poor people and minorities mainly suffer due to domination factor by others (Hopkin, 2001). 1. 1 Broad Problem Area: â€Å"Importance of Critical Criminology in Reducing Crimes† Justice system around the world is not strong enough to reduce crimes. So we need alternative approach through which criminals can become useful and productive member of the society. It’s not easy to completely change justice system but it’s not difficult to make criminals better citizens as well. Critical criminology is an effective way to reduce social injustice and crimes. Concept of critical criminology came in late sixties and early seventies. It mainly deals with the dominative and differential relation between different groups on the basis of demographic factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, minorities, cultures, values and social groups. This culture and social diversity was created due to migrations and human nature. Social indifferences are another form of injustice. It’s important to support these peoples who are being discriminated (Bauman and Tester, 2001). According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia, in critical criminology the scope of crimes is defined differently on the basis of social circumstances and time period of their occurrence. Critical criminology is somewhat different from basic study of criminology that deals with criminals and their behaviors. The basic idea of critical criminology is that the social and past trends would define whether some thing is unlawful or not at given time. There could be different things that are considered to be unlawful in past but now they are lawful and same goes with those things which are lawful in past but now they are unlawful. Such as marriage of homosexuals was considered to be unlawful in past but now with the passage of time societies are accepting this and making laws to protect marriages of homosexuals. This is not possible that all the studies on crimes are dealing with modern social life but they are some way connected to the present (Garland, 1999). There could be different theories that could emerges from critical criminology such as conflict theories, feminist theories, postmodern and peacemaking theories. A conflict theory of criminology is not accepted largely by criminologist because they think conflict theories don’t address the criminal activities in socialist and capitalist societies. Feminist theories define that crime done by males and crimes done by females should be viewed differently. They give new aspect to criminology on the basis of gender. Critical criminologists have different views and way of resolving crimes. These two theories are mainly recognized around the world. Main emphasis is given to relation between criminals and societies. Even feminist criminologists don’t properly represent gender prospective and take back their views after failure of other criminologists (Van, 1997). There is a difference between critical criminology and conventional criminology. Conventional criminology is not dealing with activities which are affecting life of thousands of people such as politicians’ decisions that could affect millions of people, corporate scandals that affected thousands of workers, stock market manipulations that affected thousand of investors and also discriminations of minorities that have no end. Conventional laws do not answer these structural disparities that helps dominate group to take advantage of it. Conventional criminology is dealing with state defined crimes but not the crimes that are harming society ocially (Stephen, 1983). Criminologists working to find ways to resolve or to reduce crimes are not able to identify or not able to provide any authentic procedures to resolve crimes (Braithwaite, 1998). And also they didn’t even give importance to issues or difference created due to power and state (Cunneen and White 1996). This is still a claim that critical craniologist are more inclined towards gaining some pos ition and recognition rather than actually doing some thing for society to protect human rights and to promote justice in society. Since 1960, activists in human rights and social justice are molding progress in critical criminology theory. There is a relation between criminologists and social human right moments (Braithwaite, 1989). Critical criminologist overstates the crime problem in society. Instead of removing the mystery that crimes are not their and its media created etc. they should accept crimes as a dilemma of powerless. They must not criticize criminal system by keeping this fact in mind that it is created by undue protection given to the privileged class. There is a cause effect relationship between crimes and poverty, racism, discrimination, social injustice, racisms etc. Critical criminoloiges must keep this in mind while evaluating crimes. However, critical criminology and traditional criminology should not work in different ways rather they should work together in the same way. (Cohen, 1998). 1. 2 Problem Statement: â€Å"Is Critical thinking is helpful to reduce crimes and able to reduce social injustice from society†. 1. 3 Purpose Significance of Study The main purpose of this study is to identify the importance of critical criminology in order to reduce crimes. This study will also identify other ways to reduce crimes and their effectiveness. And it will also explain what factors are responsible for crimes. This study will help policy makers and law enforcing agencies to avoid crimes by using proper critical criminology theories. 1. 4 Research Questions The aim of this research is to study, 1) How do people perceive that critical criminology can reduce crimes? 2) How do people perceive the role of critical criminology in order to reduce injustice from society? ) How do people perceive that critical criminology approach is better way to reduce crime rather than conventional criminology approach? 1. 5 Theoretical Diagram In this diagram crimes reduction is dependent variable which depend on critical criminology that is independent variable. Critical Criminology method that properly identify social injustices that could change offend er future behavior towards crime and society support to accept these people as a useful member of society are intervening variable. These variables can assure the effectiveness of counseling treatment to reduce crimes. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Intervening Variable CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the basic methodology and requirement in research. It includes the methods of research, the respondents and their description, sources of data, the sets of research instruments that were used, the treatment of data, and the statistical tools, which were used in this study. 2. 1 Method of the Study: The research utilized the descriptive method in acquiring information for evaluation and analysis. The descriptive survey was the general rocedure employed in a study that has for its chief purposes the description of the phenomena that is importance of critical criminology theory in reducing crimes from society by providing social injustice. 2. 2 Sample, Type of Questionnaire, Treatment of Data: The population for this research study was the general public. A random sample of 50 was taken from different places and different groups such as law enforcing agencies, co mmunity, criminologist etc. Researcher selected probability sampling, because every person had an equal chance of being selected. The survey questionnaire seeks the perception of the respondents with respect to factors important for crime reduction. In order to analyze the information given in the questionnaires, Likert scale had been applied in question 1 to question 9. The purpose is to evaluate effectiveness of counseling in crime reduction. 2. 3 Validation of the questionnaire: It was deemed necessary to revalidate the questionnaire to find out the clarity of the questions being asked as well as their relevance to the problems formulated. The validation of the questionnaire was done through the comments and suggestion by respondent. And also validation and reliability of research instrument used to get information that is questionnaire is done by implementing it to different places and same results were extracted from every place. 2. 4 Statistical Tools: Researcher used frequency and percentage distribution to determine the relationships of the variables and give clear and reliable analysis and interpretation of the data. The formula is; % = F/N ? 100 % = percentage F = frequency N = number of respondent CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS, FINDINGS CONCLUSION 3. 1 Questionnaire Analysis: Respondent responded in the following way: Topic Based on Questionnaire |Highly Disagree | Disagree | Moderately | |Highly Agree | | | | | |Agree | | |Critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority |11% |18% |25% |42% |4% | |and low social class group | | | | | | |Critical criminology theory is important to reduce social |0% |0% |14% |57% |29% | |differences | | | | | | |Main reason of increasing crime rate is socia l injustice |3% |10% |21% |40% |26% | |Critical criminology is playing important role in order to |11% |28% |31% |26% |4% | |highlight social injustices | | | | | | |Critical criminology is different from conventional |29% |36% |19% |10% |6% | |criminology | | | | | | |There is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist |18% |24% |21% |30% |7% | |Critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice |17% |19% |23% |35% |6% | |system that it supports to powerful class | | | | | | Social movement regarding human rights and social justice is |0% |0% |9% |55% |36% | |supporting critical criminologist | | | | | | |Critical criminologists are working for their recognition |26% |37% |21% |10% |6% | |rather than to support social injustice | | | | | | 3. 2 Findings Conclusion: On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded that critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority and low social class group and critical criminology theory is imp ortant to reduce social differences †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent agreed on a statement that main reason of increasing crime rate is social injustice and critical criminology is playing important role in order to highlight social injustices †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded moderately agreed on a statement that critical criminology is different from conventional criminology and there is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded that critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice system that it supports to powerful class and social movement regarding human rights and social justice is supporting critical criminologist. In these days societies are giving more focus to crime, victimization, regulation, punishment, with respect to human rights, equity, social justice, well being of the community, and globalizat ion. More activists are taking interest in decreasing discrimination and imbalances in societies. They are trying to gather more people to take action for the betterment of society and this will affect both antiestablishment and establishment criminologies. If model of Mutualism develops with the same pace than critical criminologists have to revise their studies and ways to resolve crimes. They have to establish the relation between antiestablishment and establishment criminologies not for individual but for the society. Now societies are moving from equal rights and equal justice to human rights and social justice due to social movement to protect rights. References: Bauman, Z. , Tester, K. (2001). Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman. Cambridge: Polity Press. Braithwaite, J. 1989. Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Braithwaite, J. 1998. Reducing the Crime Problem: A Not So Dismal Criminology. The New Criminology Revisited, London: Macmillan. Chan, J. 1996. Crime Prevention and the Lure of Relevance. Australian and New Zealand. Journal of Criminology, 27(1): 25-9. Cunneen, C. , and White, R. 1996. Juvenile Justice: An Australian Perspective. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press Garland, D. (1999). The Commonplace and the Catastrophic. Theoretical Criminology, 3(3), pp. 353-64. Hopkins, B. R. (2001). An Introduction to Criminological Theory. Cullompton: Willan pg. 173 Jerry, B. (1995). Crime Control: We the People. Radio broadcasts. North Coast XPress. Stephen, B. 1983. Power Crime. Van, S. R. (1997). Critical Criminology: Visions from Europe. London: Sage Wikipedia Encyclopedia. Critical Criminology. 2008. Retrieved on 12 July 2008 from http:// en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Critical_criminology QUESTIONNAIRE: RESEARCH PAPER CRIME THEORY: CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY Direction: Please indicate the degree of importance as perceived by you, by putting a tick mark opposite to each of the number item showing the degree of perception. Scale |Weights | |Highly Disagree |1 | |Disagree |2 | |Moderately |3 | |Agree |4 | |Highly Agree |5 | 1) At what extent do you think critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority and low social class group? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 2) At what extent do you think critical criminology theory is important to reduce soc ial differences? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 3) At what extent do you think main reason of increasing crime rate is social injustice? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 4) At what extent do you think critical criminology is playing important role in order to highlight social injustices? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 5) At what extent do you think critical criminology is different from conventional criminology? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6) At what extent do you think there is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 7) At what extent do you think critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice system that it supports to powerful class? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 ) At what extent do you think social movement regarding human rights and social justice is supporting critical criminologist? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 9) At what extent do you think critical criminologists are working for their recognition rather than to support social injustice? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 ———————– Critical Criminology CRIMES REDUCTION Feminist Theory Conflict Theory Postmodern Peacemaking Theories How to cite Critical Criminology, Papers

Human Resource Planning In an Organization-Free-Sample for Students

Questions: 1.Briefly,identify and summarise the essential the essential elements of the HR strategy you would devise to support the achievement of any business strategy. 2.Discuss the role of the HR in the evaluation strategies? 3.Human resources planning determine the human resources required by the organisation to achieve its strategic goals. Discuss the approaches and to human resources planning? 4.The formulation of corporate strategy can be defined as a process for developing a sense of direction . Discuss the systematic approach to formulating strategy? 5.Human resources strategies once developed and implemented effectively, they can make a substantial impact on firm performance. Describe in what way can strategic human resources make an impact towards the organisation performance? Answers: 1.In the contemporary period, with the increasingly integrating and cognitive business environment in the global framework, it becomes mandatory for the commercial organizations to manage their human resources efficiently, to successfully implement any business strategy and in order to maintain competitive edge over their rivals (Cascio, 2018). The essential elements of the human resource strategy, in this context are as follows: To design the strategic framework in such a way that the individual expectations and performances of the employees remain in accordance to the overall organizational goals To ensure the presence of an overall productive, healthy and competent work environment in the company, which can help in encouraging the employees to work harder Enable and empower the employees by providing them provisions of relevant and skill development training, which by augmenting their capabilities can help in increasing their individual as well as the organizational productivity (Menon, 2012) To identify the points of threats and confusions among the employees regarding the concerned business strategy and to ensure dissemination of required knowledge and understanding among the employees regarding their job roles and responsibilities in this aspect To recognize the efforts of the hard working employees and design rewarding policies accordingly such that the employees remain motivated and focused to increase their efforts for their own professional betterment, which is expected to benefit the concerned organization in the long run (Jiang et al., 2012). 2.The evaluation of the success or failure of any business strategy of a commercial organization requires the assessment of the ability of the employees and their performances in this aspect, which is one of the primary responsibilities of the human resource management of the company. The roles, which the HR plays in this aspect, are as follows: Ensuring training and skill development- The implementation of new business strategies in any organization in general calls for relevant training for the relevant employees. The organization and conduction of such training processes efficiently is one of the jobs of the human resource department. The evaluation of the capabilities of the employees post training also falls under the responsibilities of the same, which in turn indicates towards the readiness of the employees (Buller McEvoy, 2012). Recruitment- Often implementation of new business plans and strategies requires skills and capabilities, which are not present in the existing employee base of the organization. For the purpose of implementation of such plans, new employees are needed to be recruited. The responsibility of hiring such diverse workforces according to the requirement of the upcoming plans of the company also falls under the roles of the company. Managing and Monitoring Capabilities- One of the primary roles of the HR is to continuously keep on monitoring the level of capabilities and strengths of the employee force in the company and to design and modify the employee engagement in different roles and sectors in such a way that the long term organizational goals are achieved (Berman et al., 2012). 3.The process of human resource planning in an organization is a process of continuous modifications and changes in the planning to use the human resources of the organizations optimally and cost effectively. The different approaches included in the human resource development are as follows: Identifying present capabilities- The first approach is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses present in the existing organizational structure of the company, in order to understand the changes and inclusions required in the company, in terms of human resources, such that the future goals of the same are achieved. Demand forecasting- The demand of the company, in terms of the human resources, to stay ahead in competition needs to be analyzed and forecasted based on the long term as well as short term goals of the organization. This in turn, helps in assessing the qualitative as well as quantitative labor demands of the company in the coming years (Nankervis et al., 2013). Integration of plans- Depending upon the needs and current scenario of human resources in the concerned company, the human resource planning is integrated with the rest of the operational framework of the company. Subsequently budgeting and implementation aspects of the plans are designed in collaboration with all the departments of the organization. 4.The formulation of corporate strategies, in other words means the process in which the commercial organizations choose their best strategic framework in order to achieve the pre-determined goals of the same. The systematic approach of formulation of corporate strategy includes the following steps: a) Defining organization- The first step in the strategy formulation includes defining the organization, the markers in which it ventures and the demands and requirements of the clientele precisely. b) Defining mission- The strategic mission of the company also needs to be defined clearly, as it helps in providing guidance for execution of any strategic formulation and implementation. c) Identifying strategic objectives- The third step comprises of defining the long term as well as short term objectives of the company and of aligning the performance targets according to the same (Grant, 2016). d) Finding competitive strategy- In order to reach to the goals of the company the next step involves identification of the best and most competitive strategy. For the purpose of this the strength and weaknesses in the company also needs to be analyzed. e) Strategy implementation- The next step involves proper and efficient implementation of the selected strategy. f) Evaluation- The implementation of the selected strategy is followed by evaluation of the progress of the same in regular intervals so as to keep a close vigilance on the working of the strategy, which may help in bringing in modifications and inclusions as and when required (Wheelen et al., 2017). 5.The strategic human resource management in the commercial organizations in the contemporary period comprises of different actions, involving training and skill development of the workers, strategic and focused recruitment process, development of workers evaluation framework, monitoring of the performance of the workers, development of rewarding and recognizing frameworks for the hardworking employees. It is also concerned about the development of strategic plans in terms of human resources to improve the productivity and overall efficiency of the concerned organization (Jackson, Schuler Jiang, 2014). All these together helps in developing the human resource base of the concerned organization and in aligning the overall operational framework of the company with that of the long term as well as short term goals of the same. This in turn helps in increasing the productivity and performance of the organization in the continuously increasing competitive commercial framework in the global scenario. References Berman, E. M., Bowman, J. S., West, J. P., Van Wart, M. R. (2012).Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight.Human resource management review,22(1), 43-56. Cascio, W. (2018).Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 1-56. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), 1264-1294. Menon, S. T. (2012). Human resource practices, supply chain performance, and wellbeing.International Journal of Manpower,33(7), 769-785. Nankervis, A. R., Baird, M., Coffey, J., Shields, J. (2013). Human resource management: strategy and practice. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D., Hoffman, A. N., Bamford, C. E. (2017).Strategic management and business policy. pearson.